Reference is the relationship between a linguistic expression and the entity that it represents. A linguistic expression (or a referring expression) is said to โreferโ to a discourse referent. This chapter focuses on how reference is conveyed in TฤฐD. Section 1.1 explains the concept of deixis. Sections 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 describe different types of noun phrases in terms of their referential properties, namely, definite noun phrases, indefinite noun phrases, and specific vs. non-specific noun phrases. Section 1.5 covers ways of expressing impersonal reference.