This section describes different grammatical operations that can affect the argument structure of a predicate and thus alter its valency either by increasing it or by reducing it.
In SYNTAX 2.1.3.1 the basic argument structure of a verb is increased to include an extra argument, while in the remaining of the section other constructions altering the argument structure of the predicate are considered, as passive constructions (SYNTAX 2.1.3.2), predicates expressing reflexivity (SYNTAX 2.1.3.3) and reciprocity (SYNTAX 2.1.3.4).