Verbal predicates that take an object clause are traditionally classified into a number of groups characterized in semantic terms. A representative set of predicates with some LIS verbs for each type is presented below.
i) Desiderative predicates: hope
gianni hope leave
‘Gianni hopes (to be able to) leave.’
ii) Directive predicates: forbid
re
pietro leave ix gianni forbid
‘Gianni forbids Pietro from leaving.’
iii) Achievement predicates: manage
re
gianni leave punctual be_able
‘Gianni manages to leave on time.’
iv) Factive predicates: complain
gianni complain train go_away CL(curved open V): ‘get_on_train’ neg_o
‘Gianni complained that the train left and he could not board it.’
v) Experiencer-object verbs: happy
re bl-right
gianni happy pietro leave
‘Gianni is happy that Pietro left.’
vi) Aspectual verbs: begin
gianni begin house build
‘Gianni began building a house.’
vii) Perception predicates: see
rs: Gianni
gianni see maria leave
‘Gianni saw Maria leaving.’
viii) Propositional attitude predicates: sure
gianni sure pietro cake eat all
‘Gianni is sure that Pietro ate all the cake.’
ix) Utterance predicates: say
gianni say pietroa ixa cake eat all
‘Gianni said that Pietro ate all the cake.’