As stated before, contemporary studies conceive metaphoric expressions as productive cognitive mechanisms which are widespread not only in poetic contexts, but in the expressions used in everyday life. The same holds true for LIS. In the following sections, the cognitive basis of metaphors (PRAGMATICS 9.1.1), the types and the combinations of metaphors (PRAGMATICS 9.1.2), and the metaphors in grammar (PRAGMATICS 9.1.3) are discussed.