A Grammar of Italian Sign Language (LIS)

3.1.3. Reciprocal markers

LIS verbs behave differently in expressing a reciprocal relation between their arguments depending on the class they belong to (plain verbs, agreement verbs, spatial verbs).

LIS has a reciprocal marker glossed each_other (LEXICON 3.7.4) that can be employed to express reciprocity with plain verbs that, due to articulatory restrictions, donโ€™t mark reciprocity on the verb (SYNTAX 2.1.3.4).

 

 

 

         ix1+2 understand each_other

         โ€˜You and I understand each other.โ€™

 

Alternatively, plain verbs express reciprocity through zero marking, namely, the object slot of a transitive verb is left empty, as shown below:

 

 

 

         ix1+3 love

         โ€˜We love each other.โ€™

 

As opposed to plain verbs, agreement and spatial verbs can inflect to convey reciprocity:

i) One-handed signs, such as give, are produced as two-handed signs in which the two hands move alternatively as independent signs, thus marking the two members of the reciprocal relation through simultaneous reduplication.

 

 

 

         dom:    1give2 2give1

         n-dom: 2give1 1give2

         โ€˜We give (something) to each other.โ€™

 

ii) Two-handed signs, such as donate, can realise reciprocity through sequential reduplication, namely the two-handed sign moves from the subject to the object and backwards.

 

 

 

         every_year christmas ix3a+3badonatebbdonatea

         โ€˜Every year at Christmas they give each other a present.โ€™

 

Alternatively, the two-handed sign is produced as if the two hands functioned as independent articulators, moving alternatively between the positions of the two arguments of the predicate.

 

 

 

         dom:    1donate2 2donate1

         n-dom: 2donate1 1donate2

         โ€˜(To) donate to each other.โ€™

 

The reader is referred to SYNTAX 2.1.3.4 for a more detailed description of reciprocity in LIS.

List of editors

Chiara Branchini & Lara Mantovan

Copyright info

ยฉ 2020 Chiara Branchini, Chiara Calderone, Carlo Cecchetto, Alessandra Checchetto, Elena Fornasiero, Lara Mantovan & Mirko Santoro

Bibliographical reference for citation

The entire grammar:
Branchini, Chiara and Lara Mantovan (eds.). 2020. A Grammar of Italian Sign Language (LIS). 1st ed. (SIGN-HUB Sign Language Grammar Series). (http://sign-hub.eu/grammars/...) (Accessed 31-10-2021)

A Chapter:
Smith, Mary. 2020. Syntax: 3. Coordination and Subordination. In Branchini, Chiara and Lara Mantovan (eds.), A Grammar of Italian Sign Language (LIS). 1st ed. (SIGN-HUB Sign Language Grammar Series), 230-237. ((http://sign-hub.eu/grammars/...) (Accessed 31-10-2021)

A Section:
Smith, Mary. 2020. Phonology: 1.1.1.2. Finger configuration. In Mary, Smith, Ben Smith and Carlo Smith (eds.), A Grammar of Catalan Sign Language (LSC). 1st ed. (SIGN-HUB Sign Language Grammar Series), 230-237. (http://sign-hub.eu/grammars/...) (Accessed 31-10-2021)

Smith, Mary. 2020. Syntax: 3.1.2.1.3. Manual markers in disjunctive coordination. In Mary, Smith, Ben Smith and Carlo Smith (eds.), A Grammar of Catalan Sign Language (LSC). 1st edn. (SIGN-HUB Sign Language Grammar Series), 230-237. (http://sign-hub.eu/grammars/...) (Accessed 31-10-2021)